NEKROPSI / BEDAH BANGKAI

Persiapan Sebelum Bedah bangkai: 1. Anamnase meliputi: Jenis hewan, Mati atau dibunuh, Jumlah hewan sakit, gejala klinis, umur hewan,diagnose sementara, populasi hewan - untuk mendignosa penyakit - memberi pertanyaan kepada peternak - memberi informasi tentang penyakit (kronis, menular, akut, toksikasi) 2. Obserfasi - mengamati bangkai secara sistematis dari hidung sampai ekor. meliputi: kondisi kulit, kelamin, selaput lender (mata, mulut, hidung), kepala, leher, perut, paha, telapak kaki, ceracak, kelanjar mamae, dubur dsb. Cara Nekropsi pada Ruminan 1. Amati keadaan umum hewan saat masih hidup 2. Euthanasi dengan dekapitasi 3. Rebahkan kiri left lateral rekumbency dengan kepala di sebelah kiri secan 4. Buat irisan dari mandibula sampai arcus ischiadichuis, hindari ambing dan penis /irisan kulit digaris median tubuh mulai dari leher, dada, perut 5. Lepaskan keempat tungkai (kaki) dari tubuh dengan cara membuat irisan pada ketiak dan dilipat paha sambil mematahkan sendi pangkal paha. Dengan demikian hewan lebih mudah terlentang. 6. Kuliti bagian ventral dan lateral , amati jaringan otot dan kelenjar limfe bawah kulit 7. Membuga rongga perut • Sayat otot sepanjang garis median perut (peritoneum ditusuk), • iris menyamping mulai dari ujung proc. Xipoideus mengikuti tulang rusuk terakhir sampai ditepi muka panggul. • Buat irisan tegak lurus terhadap irisan memanjang yang pertama, diantara tulang rusuk terakhir dan tubercoxae. • Potong otot dinding perut dan dilepaskan. • Selanjutnya amati diafragma, peritoneum dan organ viscera hewan, letak alat-alat tubuh di dalam rongga perut) 8. Membuka rongga dada • Periksa diafragma (normal: melengkung kearah rongga dada) • Dinding rongg dada ditusuk diantara dua tulang rusuk • Potong costae pada daerah costochondral kanan dan kiri • Iris muskulus. intercostalis • Patahkan costae satu per satu • Dinding thorak di buka • Periksa rongga dada dengan memeriksa adanya cairan di dalamnya • Amati letak organ 9. Mengeluarkan isi rongga dada • Isi rongga dada (jantung, paru2) dikeluarkan bersama-sama dengan lidah dan trachea • Keluarkan lidah, tulang lidah dipotong pada sendi rawan0 • Trachea dilepaskan dari pertautan otot2 leher dan esophagus • Aorta dipotong pada tempat ia menyilang esophagus, kerongkongan dikeluarkan dan dipotong dipertengahan leher • Paru-paru dilepaskan, mulut dari belakang vena cava dipotong • Paru2, jantung trachea dan lidah dikeluarkan bersama • Pada dugaan pneumonia dilakukan uji apung pada paru-pari • Periksa keadaan dan isi pericardium (pembungkus jantung) • Amati jantung (normal: ujng meruncing), bandingkan dengan besar hewan 10. Mengeluarkan isi rongga perut • Keluarkan usus dengan mengikat ganda rectum dan potong di antara kedua ikatan itu • Duodenum diikat kembar pada 2 tempat yaitu: di muka dan belakang lengkungan S (keluarkan bersama hati) • Setelah keluar lepaskan dari mesenterium (penggantung usus) dan dibuka • Lepaskan mesenterium dan kelenjar limfenya • Keluarkan keempat bagian lambung beserta esophagus dan limpa dari lambung besar ( letak limpa: sebelah kiri rumen) • Permulaan esophagus di ikat • Buka perut (dari rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasums) periksa kemungkinan adanya cacing 11. Mengeluarkan oragan uropoetika • Angkat organ urogenital dengan mengangkat ginjal beserta bagian bagian lain secara bersamaan, begitu pula dengan ovarium, uterus,dll. 12. Periksa semua organ secara makroskopis 13. Buat potongan tiap-tiap organ 1cm x 1cm x 1cm 14. Masukkan ke dalam formalin 10% 15. Buat kesimpulan dari seluruh pengamatan Cara Nekropsi pada gland saliva Ruminansia Setelah langkah-langkah nekropsi secara keseluruhan selesai dilakukan maka apabila terdapat kecurigaan terhadap gland saliva maka perlu dilakukan nekropsi lebih lanjut pada 3 kelenjar saliva yaitu : • dibuat irisan dan sayatan pada kelenjer submaksilaris atau sub mandibularis yang terletak pada sisi ruang bawah selanjutnya dilihat dan diamati apakah ada lesi atau kelainan atau keabnormalan pada glandula mandibularis • dibuat irisan pada kelenjar sub lingualis yang terletak dibawah lidah selanjutnya dilihat dan diamati apakah ada lesi atau kelainan atau keabnormalan pada glandulae sub ligualis minor dan major • dibuat irisan pada kelenjer parotis yang terletak didepan masing-masing selanjutnya dilihat dan diamati apakah ada lesi atau kelainan atau keabnormalan pada glandulae parotidae sehingga didapatkan diagnosa lebih lanjut. Saliva (air ludah) berfungsi untuk melicinkan pakan agar memudahkan masuk ke oesophagus. Dan juga berfungsi untuk menjaga pH rumen, sebab asam yang terjadi selama fermentasi akan dapat menurunkan pH cairan rumen 2,5-3,0.

TOEFL

LISTENING GENERAL STRATEGIES: 1. Be familiar with the directions they’re the same, it isn’t necessary to listen carefully 2. Listen carefully to the conversations. 3. Never leave any answers blank on your answer sheet PART A 1. As you listen to each short conversation, focus on the second line of the conversation The answer to the question is generally found in the second line 2. Keep in mind that the correct answer is probably a restatement of a key word or idea in the second line of the conversation even if you do not understand the complete conversation, you can find the correct answer. 3. Keep in mind that these questions generally progress from easy to difficult. 4. If you see any synonyms for key words in a particular answer, then you have probably found the correct answer. 5. Avoid similar sounds  they usually have different meanings. 6. It is common to be asked about: - WHO is probably talking? - WHAT will he/she probably do next? - WHERE does the conversation probably take place? 7. It is possible for two negative ideas to appear in one sentence 8. Listen for negatives with comparatives no one is more handsome than Aiden PART B 1. Listen carefully to the first line of the conversation it often contains the main idea, subject, or topic of the conversation. 2. draw conclusions about the situation of the conversation: who, where, when. 3. Anticipate the topic and questions. PART C 1. Listen carefully to the first line of the talk it often contains the main idea, subject, or topic of the talk 2. Draw conclusions about the situation of the talk who – where – when – what. READING 1. Be familiar with the directions. 2. Do not spend too much time reading the passages! skim to determine the main idea  the topic/ subject/ main idea/ main point/ primarily concerned/ the best title. 3. Find the section of the passage that deals with each question  Read the part of the passage that contains the answer carefully 4. Recognize the organization of the ideas  how the ideas in one paragraph related to the ideas in another paragraph provides examples/ contradicts, etc. 5. You will sometimes be asked to determine what probably comes before the reading passage (in the preceding paragraph) or what probably comes after the reading passage (in the following paragraph). 6. Sometimes, the last question of particular reading asks about the passage as a whole the author’s purpose (Draw a conclusion about the purpose from the main idea and supporting details). , which course the passage might be a part of (Draw a conclusion about the purpose from the topic and supporting details). STRUCTURE 1. Be familiar with the directions 2. Study the sentence study each answer based on how well it completes the sentences. 3. Be sure the sentence has a subject and a verb. 4. Be careful of present participles (the –ing form of a verb) - The man is talking to his friend (verb) - The man talking to his friend wears blue shirt (adjective) 5. The woman who is waving to us is Nuri’s aunt the woman waving to us is Nuri’s aunt. 6. I don’t like the argument which appears in today’s paper  I don’t like the argument appearing in today’s paper. 7. The letter which you sent me arrived yesterday doesn’t reduce 8. Other form: – The man, who is preparing to leave the town, is arguing with his family. - The man, preparing to leave the town, is arguing with his family. - Preparing to leave the town, the man is arguing with his family. 9. Question words: - What are they? (question) - I know what they are. (connecting two clauses)

Original text of the book (The History and Life Cycle of Toxoplasma gondii, J.P. Dubey)

Paragraf 1 for paraphrase Infections by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii are widely prevalent in humans and other animals on all continents. There are many thousands of references to this parasite in the literature, and it is not possible to give equal treatment to all authors and discoveries. The objective of this chapter is, rather, to provide a history of the milestones in our acquisition of knowledge of the biology of this parasite. Paragraf 2&3 for Summary Nicolle and Manceaux (1908) found a protozoa in tissues of a hamster-like rodent, the gundi, Ctenodactylus gundi, which was being used for leishmaniasis research in the laboratory of Charles Nicolle at the Pasteur Institute in Tunis. They initially believed the parasite to be Leishmania, but soon realized that they had discovered a new organism and named it Toxoplasma gondii, based on the morphology (mod. L. toxo = arc or bow, plasma = life) and the host (Nicolle and Manceaux, 1909). Thus, its complete designation is Toxoplasma gondii. In retrospect, the correct name for the parasite should have been Toxoplasma gundii; Nicolle and Manceaux (1908) had incorrectly identified the host as Ctenodactylus gondi. Splendore (1908) discovered the same parasite in a rabbit in Brazil, also erroneously identifying it as Leishmania, but he did not name it.